Assessing the effect of barns structures and environmental conditions in dairy cattle farms monitored in Northern Italy

Animal welfare is a fundamental pillar for livestock farming, and it can be endangered by series of aspects, among which the presence undesired microclimates. This condition monitored measuring temperature-humidity index (THI), an able to inform about emergence heat-stressing conditions in barns. The THI influenced external environmental barn structure, orientation, thermal buoyancy, roof insulating materials. In order evaluate these structural aspects buildings consequent microclimate, this study, survey was carried out 8 dairy cattle barns located northern part Italy that were continuously during thermoneutral, warm, cold periods. Experts observed ,and parameters measured with sensors. From results emerged had characteristics considerably affect internal openings, height, forced ventilation, building orientation playing significant role estimating barn. more critical period warm one when structures could not mitigate conditions, exceeded threshold 72 big share all farms (range between 50-80% observations). best situation, cooling systems maintain conditions. confirm importance design appropriate ventilation improve air exchanges.